Е-Публикации
Технически университет - София

Abstract: The development of internal combustion engines aims to maximize the combustion process energy, achieve the highest possible efficiency, and reduce harmful emissions released into the environment, while also improving power output. In this regard, here we have presented two pairs of vehicles which have mechanically similar internal combustion engines but either different environmental or dynamic performance characteristics. The first example is of upgrading an internal combustion engine from Euro 4 to Euro 5. The second example demonstrates a 23% increase in power while maintaining the same emission parameters.

References

1. Liu Y. Chen H. Li Y. Gao J. Dave K. Chen J. Li T. Tu R. Exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from conventional and electric vehicles: A comparison of monetary impact values J. Clean. Prod. 2022 331 129965 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129965
2. Hlebarski D. Savova-Mratsenkova M. Algorithm for expert analysis of the mechanism of the occurrence of a traffic accident involving a car and a pedestrian AIP Conf. Proc. 2025 3274 060002 10.1063/5.0259319
3. Hartman J. How to Tune and Modify Automotive Engine Management Systems Motorbooks Minneapolis, MN, USA 2013
4. Buckland J.H. Cook J. Automotive emissions control Proceedings of the American Control Conference 2005 Portland, OR, USA 8–10 June 2005 10.1109/ACC.2005.1470478
5. Cook J.A. Sun J. Grizzle J.W. Opportunities in automotive powertrain control applications Proceedings of the International Conference on Control Applications Glasgow, UK 18–20 September 2002 Volume 1 xlii xlli 10.1109/CCA.2002.1040147
6. Wasserburger A. Didcock N. Hametner C. Efficient real driving emissions calibration of automotive powertrains under operating uncertainties Eng. Optim. 2023 55 140 157 10.1080/0305215X.2021.1989589
7. Kruse T. Kurz S. Lang T. Modern Statistical Modeling and Evolutionary Optimization Methods for the Broad Use in ECU Calibration IFAC Proc. Vol. 2010 43 739 743 10.3182/20100712-3-DE-2013.00031
8. Prati M. Costagliola M. Rapone M. Unregulated Emissions of Euro I, II and III Gasoline Cars SAE Technical Paper 2005-24-025 SAE Warrendale, PA, USA 2005 10.4271/2005-24-025
9. Saliev D. Clearance speed study for intergreen time determination IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020 878 012048 10.1088/1757-899X/878/1/012048
10. Tashev A. Ambarev K. Paitakov N. Nikolov V. Experimental Investigation of Economic Parameters, Noise and Exhaust Emissions, and Thermal Behavior of a Spark-Ignition Engine Operating with CNG Proceedings of the 2025 10th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE), Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, 5–7 November 2025 IEEE Piscataway, NJ, USA 2025 1 6 10.1109/EEAE65901.2025.11273503
11. Dimitrov E. Tashev A. CNG effect on performance parameters of diesel engine operated on dual-fuel mode AIP Conf. Proc. 2022 2449 050009 10.1063/5.0091441
12. Available online: https://www.alientech-tools.com/kess3/ (accessed on 30 April 2026)
13. Martín-Sánchez G. Machens C.K. Podlaski W.F. Three types of remapping with linear decoders: A population-geometric perspective PLoS Comput. Biol. 2025 21 e1013545 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013545 41042830
14. Hughes P. Understanding ECU Remapping and Tuning: Techniques and Benefits J. Automot. Eng. 2021 64 342 356
15. Sinigaglia T. Martins M.E.S. Siluk J.C.M. Technological evolution of internal combustion engine vehicle: A patent data analysis Appl. Energy 2022 306 118003 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118003
16. Mladenov G. Kuzmanov N. Hristov V. Research on and Analysis of Brake Fluid Impact on Brake System Performance Eng. Proc. 2025 100 27 10.3390/engproc2025100027
17. Heydari J. Remapping and ECU Tuning Techniques in Modern Vehicles: Benefits, Risks, and Future Trends Res. Innov. 2025 2 85 91 10.11648/j.ri.20260201.20
18. Perez L. O’Brien J. Impact of ECU Remapping on Vehicle Emissions and Legal Compliance Environ. Policy Rev. 2020 30 475 490
19. Zhao L. Chen W. Impact of ECU Remapping on Engine Durability and Safety Int. J. Mech. Eng. 2019 65 455 468
20. Davies R. Watts K. Emissions and ECU Remapping: An In-Depth Analysis Environ. Impact J. 2019 52 28 34
21. Hristov V.D. Saliev D.N. Slavov D.V. Artificial Intelligence Systems for Warehouses Stocks Control Proceedings of the 2022 8th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE), Ruse, Bulgaria, 30 June–2 July 2022 IEEE Piscataway, NJ, USA 2022 1 5 10.1109/EEAE53789.2022.9831223
22. Kakaee A.H. Mashadi B. Ghajar M. A novel volumetric efficiency model for spark ignition engines equipped with variable valve timing and variable valve lift Part 1: Model development Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2016 231 175 191 10.1177/0954407016650545
23. Directive 98/69/EC Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1998/69/oj/eng (accessed on 30 April 2026)
24. Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2007/715/oj/eng (accessed on 30 April 2026)
25. Commission Directive 2002/80/EC Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2002/80/oj/eng (accessed on 30 April 2026)
26. Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/692/oj/eng (accessed on 30 April 2026)
27. Mårtensson J. Flärdh O. Modeling the Effect of Variable Cam Phasing on Volumetric Efficiency, Scavenging and Torque Generation SAE Technical Papers SAE Warrendale, PA, USA 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1190
28. Genç A.U. Glover K. Identification of the Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing Engines for AFR Control J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control. 2005 127 589 600 10.1115/1.2101849
29. Stefanopoulou A.G. Cook J.A. Grizzle J.W. Freudenberg J.S. Control-Oriented Model of a Dual Equal Variable Cam Timing Spark Ignition Engine J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control. 1998 120 257 266 10.1115/1.2802417

Issue