Е-Публикации
Технически университет - София

Abstract: In this work, mechanical tests were performed on 3D printed polymer test specimens obtained using Fused Deposition Modeling technology. The test specimens are from different groups of materials-easy to print, resistant to wear and high temperature, and mechanically strong and elastic. All were printed with identical characteristics: layer height, printing direction, percentage of filling, and grid type. They differ in printing temperature, printing speed, and cooling during the printing process. A standard testing machine was used, equipped with a shear testing device, and a Charpy hammer was used for impact toughness testing. The shear strength and the energy required for impact failure were determined. Two of the tested materials were subjected to additional heating to strengthen them. The results for one of them-PC showed the highest shear strength of 23 MPa, while the highest impact strength was obtained for the PC that was not heated.

References

1. N. Shahrubudin, T. C. Lee, R. Ramlan, An Overview on 3D Printing Technology: Technological, Materials and Applications, Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 35, Pages 1286-1296, 2019, ISSN 2351-9789, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.089
2. X. Wu, F. Mu, Z. Lin, Three-dimensional printing of graphene-based materials and the application in energy storage, Materials Today Advances, Volume 11, 100157, 2021, ISSN 2590-0498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100157
3. P. K. Penumakala, J. Santo, A. Thomas, A critical review on the fused deposition modeling of thermoplastic polymer composites, Composites Part B: Engineering, Volume 201, 108336, 2020, ISSN 1359-8368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108336
4. M. Paneva, P. Panev, Overview and analysis of existing methods and systems for 3d printing including 3d materials for fdm printers resistant to elevated temperatures, International Scientific and Technical Conference, ADP, 27-30.06.2024, Sozopol, Bulgaria, pp. 180-183, [Available Online]: https://mf.tu-sofia.bg/mntkadp/includes/archive/2024.pdf
5. J. Zaburko, A. Urzędowski, J. Szulżyk-Cieplak, A. Trnik, Z. Suchorab, and G. Lagod, Analysis of thermal operating conditions of 3D printers with printing chamber, AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 2429: 020020, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0070165.
6. X. Wu, Y. Su, J. Shi, Perspective of additive manufacturing for metamaterials development, Smart Mater. Struct., 28 (9) (2019), Article 093001, DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/ab2eb6
7. M. Paneva, and P. Panev, Features of FDM printing of test specimens, IEEE, International Conference Automatics and Informatics (ICAI), Varna, Bulgaria, 2024, pp. 266-270, DOI: 10.1109/ICAI63388.2024.10851504, ]
8. S. Wang, Y. Li, M. Li, Z. Ning, Y. Wan, B. Yang, Microstructural insights into the deformation micro-mechanism and strain heterogeneity of Ti-2Al-2.5Zr alloy: Quasi in-situ tensile test and crystal plasticity simulation, Materials Today Communications, Volume 47, 112955, 2025, ISSN 2352-4928, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112955.
9. C. Shang, J.P. Zheng, X.D. Hou, K.Y. Jin, M.Q. Chu, S.Y. Zhang, Microstructure and tensile performance of Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion versus directed energy deposition, Vacuum, 234 (2025), Article 114114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114114
10. E. P. Bonhin, E. C. Botelho, and M. V. Ribeiro, Interlaminar shear of FML produced with surface treatment by mechanical abrasion, Procedia CIRP, Vol. 108, 2022, pp. 555-559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.03.087
11. C. Fang, M. C. Yam, H. Ma, and K. F. Chung, Tests on superelastic Ni–Ti SMA bars under cyclic tension and direct-shear: towards practical recentring connections, Materials and Structures, 48, 2015, pp. 1013-1030, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0212-4
12. Y. Wang, Ch. Huang, X. Guo, Study on the influence of end anchoring on CFRP-concrete interface through double-lap shear testing, Structures, Volume 69, 107457, 2024, ISSN 2352-0124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.107457
13. C. Suntaxi, J. A. López-Fernández, G. Centeno, C. Vallellano, Novel test designs for assessing the shear fracture forming limit in thin-walled tubes, Thin-Walled Structures, Volume 210, 2025, 113048, ISSN 0263-8231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2025.113048
14. T. Germanov, Lekcii po zemna mehanica i fundirane,Zemna mehanika, Mehanichni svojstva, p. 24-50, 2004/2005.
15. Трифон Германов, Лекции по земна механика и фундиране, 2004/2005, Земна механика, Механични свойства, стр. 24-50, https://fhart.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/sm-02.pdf
16. X. Centelles, J. Ramon Castro, L. F. Cabeza, Double-lap shear test on laminated glass specimens under diverse ageing conditions, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 249, 2020, 118784, ISSN 0950-0618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118784
17. Q. Yin, B. Zillmann, S. Suttner, G. Gerstein, M. Biasutti, A. E. Tekkaya, M. F. X Wagner, M. Merklein, M. Schaper, T. Halleand, and A. Brosius, An experimental and numerical investigation of different shear test configurations for sheet metal characterization, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 51(5), pp.1066-1074, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2013.12.006
18. J. R. Barroeta, M. Dubé, P. Hubert, and A. Yousefpour, Repair of thermoplastic composites: an overview, Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science, 8(2), 68–96, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1080/20550340.2022.2057137
19. A. Yousefpour, M. Hojjati, and J-P. Immarigeon, Fusion bonding/welding of thermoplastic composites, J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater.; 17(4), pp. 303–341, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705704045187
20. C-L. Ong, M-F Sheu and Y-Y Liou, The repair of thermoplastic composites after impact, 34th International SAMPE symposium. Reno, Nevada; 1989, pp. 458-463.
21. V. K. Stokes, Joining methods for plastics and plastic composites: an overview, Polym. Eng. Sci., 29(19):1310–1324, 1989, https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291903
22. S. Dubinskiy, Y. Feygenbaum, V. Senik, E. Metelkin, A study of accidental impact scenarios for composite wing damage tolerance evaluations., Aeronaut J., 123 (1268): 1724– 1739, 2019, doi:10.1017/aer.2018.152
23. M. Paneva, P. Panev, G. Kotseva, Investigating the hardness of test specimens made of fused deposition modeling materials, Collection of reports from the international scientific and technical conference “ADP-2025”, in press.

Issue