Autors: Dimitrov, E. C., Peychev M., Tashev, A. M.
Title: Study of the hydrogen influence on the combustion parameters of diesel engine
Keywords: Diesel dual-fuel mode, Engine combustion parameters, Hydrogen fuel, Indicator diagrams

Abstract: The study is conducted at an average engine speed of n = 2000 min⁻1, four engine load levels, and two different diesel fuel injection timing angles. Indicator diagrams are recorded for each operating mode at varying hydrogen mass fractions in the total fuel supplied to the engine. The data from the indicator diagrams are processed using a developed software that enables the determination of combustion process parameters. The analysis of the experimental results focuses on changes in cylinder temperature, the coefficients of total and active heat release, the rate of heat release, the duration of the combustion process phases, and other parameters as a function of the hydrogen mass fraction in the total fuel mixture.

References

  1. Nguyen, V., Nayak, S., et al. Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines running on gaseous fuels in dual-fuel mode. Int J Hydrogen Energy 49 (2024), 868–909, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.09.130.
  2. Stewart, J., Clarke, A., Chen, R., An experimental study of the dual-fuel performance of a small compression ignition diesel engine operating with three gaseous fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Automobile Engineering 221 (2007), 943–956, 10.1243/09544070JAUTO458 Part D.
  3. Imran, S., Emberson, D., etc, Effect of pilot fuel quantity and type on performance and emissions of natural gas and hydrogen based combustion in a compression ignition engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014), 5163–5175, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.108.
  4. Tira, H., Herreros, J., Tsolakis, A., Wyszynski, M., Influence of the addition of LPG-reformate and H2 on an engine dually fuelled with LPG–diesel, –ME and –GTL Fuels. J Fuel 118 (2014), 73–82, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.10.065.
  5. Haroun, Sh, Aboud, E., A review on hydrogen supplementation in compression ignition engines. Int J Current Eng Technol 5:2 (2015), 1254–1272.
  6. Wei, L., Geng, P., A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance. Fuel Process Technol 142 (2016), 264–278, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.018.
  7. Khalid, A., Said, M., Veza, I., Abas, M., Roslan, M., Abubakar, S., Jalal, M., Hydrogen port fuel injection: review of fuel injection control strategies to mitigate backfire in internal combustion engine fuelled with hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy 66 (2024), 571–581, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.087.
  8. Gomes, Antunes J.M., Mikalsen, R., Roskilly, A.P., An experimental study of a direct injection compression ignition hydrogen engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009), 6516–6522, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.142.
  9. Talibi, M., Hellier, P., Balachandran, R., Ladommatos, N., Effect of hydrogen-diesel fuel co-combustion on exhaust emissions with verification using an inecylinder gas sampling technique. Int J Hydrogen 39 (2014), 15088–15102, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.039.
  10. Wittek, K., Cogo, V., Prante, G., Development of a pneumatic actuated low-pressure direct injection gas injector for hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. Int J Hydrogen Energy 48 (2023), 10215–10234, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.023.
  11. Musy, F., Ortiz, R., Ortiz, I., Ortiz, A., Hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines: direct injection versus port-fuel injection. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.136.
  12. Rimkus, A., Melaika, M., Matijošius, J., Efficient and ecological indicators of CI engine fuelled with different diesel and LPG mixtures. Procedia Eng 187 (2017), 504–512, 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.407.
  13. Verhelst, S., Wallner, Th, Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 35 (2009), 490–527, 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001.
  14. Dash, S., Chakraborty, S., Roccotelli, M., Sahu, U., Hydrogen fuel for FutureMobility: challenges and future aspects. J Sustain, 14, 2022, 8285, 10.3390/su14148285.
  15. Chaichan, M., Al-Zubaidi, D., A practical study of using hydrogen in dual-fuel compression ignition engine. Int J Mech Eng, 2(11), 2014.
  16. Karagӧz, Y., Sandalcı, T., etc. Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines. Adv Mech Eng 8:8 (2016), 1–13, 10.1177/1687814016664458.
  17. Mihaylov, M., Barzev, K., Investigation of the effects of hydrogen addition on performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine. Fisita world automotive congress, 2004 Barcelona.
  18. Köse, H., Ciniviz, M., An experimental investigation of effect on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of addition at dual fuel mode of hydrogen. Fuel Process Technol 114 (2013), 26–34, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.023.
  19. Dimitrov, E., Gigov, B., And etc. A study of hydrogen fuel impact on compression ignition engine performance. MATEC Web of Conferences, 234, 2018, 03001, 10.1063/5.0104597.
  20. SinghYadav, V., Soni, S., Sharma, D., Performance and emission studies of direct injection C.I. engine in duel fuel mode (hydrogen-diesel) with EGR. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012), 3807–3817, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.163.
  21. Bose, P., Maji, D., An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine using hydrogen as inducted fuel and diesel as injected fuel with exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009), 4847–4854, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.077.
  22. Tsujimura, T., Suzuki, Y., The utilization of hydrogen in hydrogen/diesel dual fuel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017), 14019–14029, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.152.
  23. Santoso, W., Bakar, R., Nur, A., Combustion characteristics of diesel-hydrogen dual fuel engine at low load. Energy Proc 32 (2013), 3–10, 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.002.
  24. Lilik, K., Zhang, H., Herros, J., Haworth, D., Boehman, A., Hydrogen assisted diesel combustion. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010), 4382–4398, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.105.
  25. Debnath, B., Saha, U., Sahoo, N., Effect of hydrogen-diesel quantity variation on brake thermal efficiency of a dual fuelled diesel engine. J Power Technol 92:1 (2012), 55–67.
  26. Mirica, I., Pana, C., Negurescu, N., Cernat, A., Nutu, C., Experimental investigations of the hydrogen addition effects on diesel engine performance. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng, 147, 2016, 012121, 10.1088/1757-899X/147/1/012121.
  27. Liew, C., Li, H., etc. An experimental investigation of the combustion process of a heavy-duty diesel engine enriched with H2. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010), 11357–11365, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.06.023.
  28. Leo, G.M., Jayabal, R., Kathapillai, A., Sekar, S., Performance and emissions optimization of a dual-fuel diesel engine powered by cashew nut shell oil biodiesel/hydrogen gas using response surface methodology. Fuel, 384, 2025, 133960, 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133960.
  29. Reddy, K., Rao, G., Reddy, R., Agbulut, U., Artificial intelligence-based forecasting of dual-fuel mode CI engine behaviors powered with the hydrogen-diesel blends. Int J Hydrogen Energy 87 (2024), 1074–1086, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.507.
  30. Zhou, W., Wang, H., Gao, J., Zhou, S., Effects of using argon, hydrogen and syngas on performance and emissions of a heavy-duty natural gas/diesel RCCI engine at low load. Int J Hydrogen Energy 77 (2024), 958–974, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.255.
  31. Rajak, U., Apparao, K., Verma, T., Agbulut, U., Enhancing performance, and combustion efficiency, and reducing tailpipe emissions of an engine fuelled with hydrogen-enriched diesel and ethanol blends at varying CRs using RSM. Int J Hydrogen Energy 92 (2024), 1236–1247, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.289.
  32. Pachiannan, T., Zhong, W., Balasubramanian, Dh, Alshehri, M., Pugazhendhi, A., He, Zh, Enhancing engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics through hydrogen enrichment in n-pentanol/diesel blends: a study on advanced combustion strategies for reduced emissions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 98 (2025), 741–750, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.005.
  33. Manickam, S., Kasinathan, S., Gurusamy, M., Al-Ansari, M., Subramanian, B., Effect of hydrogen and diethyl ether addition on 5E attributes of compression ignition engine using papaya seed oil-diesel blend. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.370.
  34. Aravind, S., Barik, D., Praveenkumar, S., Tudu, K., Dara, R., Influence of compression ratio variations on hydrogen combustion dynamics in a tri-fuel agricultural diesel engine operating with diesel, algae spirogyra methyl ester, and di-tert-butyl peroxide. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.113.
  35. Vargün, M., Yapmaz, A., Kalender, V., Yılmaz, I., Investigation of the effects of using hydrogen enriched fuel blends in a diesel engine on engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 97 (2025), 1399–1410, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.488.
  36. Shaikh, A., Tarafdar, A., Majumder, P., Bera, U., Synergistic enhancement of performance and emission profiles in a single cylinder CI-engine: a fuzzy-tuned multi-objective whale optimization algorithm for diesel-hydrogen dual fuel augmentation. Energy Convers Manag, 317, 2024, 118865, 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118865.
  37. Arpa, O., Akbalık, Z., Enhancing diesel engine efficiency and emission control: a study on hydrogen and water vapor injection. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.382.
  38. Zhang, Z., Hu, J., Yang, D., Yin, Z., Lu, K., Tan, D., A comprehensive assessment over the environmental impact and combustion efficiency of using ammonia/hydrogen/diesel blends in a diesel engine. Energy, 303, 2024, 131955, 10.1016/j.energy.2024.131955.
  39. Heywood, J., Internal, J., Combustion engine fundamentals. 1988, McGraw-Hill, 507–517.
  40. Mollenhauer, Kl, Tschoeke, H., Handbook of diesel engines. 2010, Springer-Verlag, 67–69.
  41. Longwic R., Borawska G., Tatarynow D., Sander P., Gita A. Analysis of the Combustion Process of a Diesel Engine Fuelled by Diesel and Hydrogen. Springer, Mechanisms and Machine Science 121 (23), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09909-0_9.
  42. Qin, Zh, Yang, Zh, Jia, Ch, Duan, J., Wang, Li, Experimental study on combustion characteristics of diesel–hydrogen dual-fuel engine. J Therm Anal Calorim 142 (2020), 1483–1491, 10.1007/s10973-019-09147-y.
  43. Dhole, A., Lata, D., Yarasu, R., Effect of hydrogen and producer gas as secondary fuels on combustion parameters of a dual fuel diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng 108 (2016), 764–773, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.157.
  44. An, H., Yang, W., etc, Numerical investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen assisted biodiesel combustion in a diesel engine. Fuel, 120, 2014, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.021 186-1.
  45. Winangun, K., Setiyawan, A., Sudarmanta, B., The combustion characteristics and performance of a Diesel Dual-Fuel (DDF) engine fueled by palm oil biodiesel and hydrogen gas. Therm Eng, 42, 2023, 10.1016/j.csite.2023.102755.
  46. Dimitrov, E., Computer program for indicator diagram processing of the internal combustion engine. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng, 977, 2020, 012012, 10.1088/1757-899X/977/1/012012.

Issue

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 123, pp. 219-230, 2025, Albania, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.114

Цитирания (Citation/s):
1. Karvounis P., Theotokatos G., Gu B., Zhou P., Numerical investigation of premixed hydrogen combustion in dual-fuel marine engines at high load, 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, issue 0, vol. 144, pp. 239-251, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.360, issn 03603199 - 2025 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
2. Szwaja S., Pukalskas S., Juknelevicius R., Rimkus A., Combustion Analysis of the Renewable Fuel HVO and RME with Hydrogen Addition in a Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine, 2025, Energies, issue 13, vol. 18, DOI 10.3390/en18133381, eissn 19961073 - 2025 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
3. Zikri J.M., Sani M.S.M., Adam A., Exploring the world of diesel engines: Analyzing noise and vibration characteristics with biodiesel application, 2026, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, issue 0, vol. 226, DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116168, issn 13640321, eissn 18790690 - 2025 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
4. Kakran S., Kaushal R., Bajpai V.K., Statistical modelling and multi-response optimization using RSM of a hydrogen-enriched low duty CRDI engine with NH3-based urea selective catalytic reduction at higher fuel injection pressures: An experimental analysis, 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, issue 0, vol. 180, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151658, issn 03603199 - 2025 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
5. Mladenov G., Kuzmanov N., Hristov V., Research on and Analysis of Brake Fluid Impact on Brake System Performance, 2025, Engineering Proceedings, issue 1, vol. 100, DOI 10.3390/engproc2025100027, eissn 26734591 - 2025 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
6. Damyanov I., Miletiev R., Valkovski T.I., Research and Analysis of the Real-Time Interaction Between Performance and Smoke Emission of a Diesel Vehicle, 2025, Engineering Proceedings, issue 1, vol. 100, DOI 10.3390/engproc2025100034, eissn 26734591 - 2025 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
7. Narayanan J., Satyanarayana Murthy Y.V.V., Kumar S., Ram Mohanrao M., Performance assessment of dual-fuel diesel engine with H2 enrichment through PFI system using 1D simulation model, 2026, Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects, issue 1, vol. 48, DOI 10.1080/15567036.2025.2596818, issn 15567036, eissn 15567230 - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
8. Szwaja S., Juknelevicius R., Pukalskas S., Rimkus A., Szymanek A., Hydrogen-Assisted Renewable Fuels RME and HVO in the Compression-Ignition Engine, 2025, SAE Technical Papers, issue 0, DOI 10.4271/2025-32-0048, issn 01487191, eissn 26883627 - 2025 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
9. Osman O., Punov P., Rusanov R., Study on the Energy Demand of Vehicle Propulsion to Minimize Hydrogen Consumption: A Case Study for an Ultra-Energy Efficient Fuel Cell EV in Predefined Driving Conditions, 2026, Engineering Proceedings, issue 1, vol. 121, DOI 10.3390/engproc2025121004, eissn 26734591 - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
10. Narayanan J., Satyanarayana Murthy Y.V.V., Kumar S., Surendra T., Madaka R.M.R., Modeling H2-enriched dual fuel engine performance and emissions, 2026, International Journal of Applied Power Engineering, issue 1, vol. 15, pp. 211-227, DOI 10.11591/ijape.v15.i1.pp211-227, issn 22528792, eissn 27222624 - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
11. Liu R., Wang J., Yan R., Machine learning-informed uncertainty analysis in life cycle assessment of alternative marine fuels, 2026, Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment, issue 0, vol. 157, DOI 10.1016/j.trd.2026.105400, issn 13619209 - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
12. Wong S.J., Tan H., Othman M.H.D., Hatif I.H., Woon K.S., Said M.F.M., Nie F., Ho W.S., Kek H.Y., Fong W.C.W., Chiong M.C., Li Y., Wong K.Y., Diesel vs. hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engines for a sustainable future: A review of combustion, fuel properties, emissions, and performance, 2026, Energy, issue 0, vol. 356, DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2026.141315, issn 03605442, eissn 18736785 - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
13. Kou C., Zeng S., Chen X., Jiaqiang E., Ma Y., Effects of air–fuel ratio on combustion performance enhancement and emission reduction of the methanol–diesel dual-fuel engine, 2026, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, issue 0, DOI 10.1002/cjce.70444, issn 00084034, eissn 1939019X - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
14. Kakran S., Kaushal R., Bajpai V.K., Machine learning-based multi-objective optimization of hydrogen-enriched water hyacinth biodiesel–tri ethylene glycol monomethyl ether fuelled compression ignition engine with selective catalytic reduction, 2026, Energy, issue 0, vol. 360, DOI 10.1016/j.energy.2026.141840, issn 03605442, eissn 18736785 - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
15. Eswanto, Hamidi M.A., Daud S., Yusop A.F., Allehaibi M., Hydrogen Fuel Addition in Diesel Engines: Current and Future Research Trends through Bibliometric Analysis, 2026, Journal of Computers Mechanical and Management, issue 3, vol. 5, pp. 311-333, DOI 10.57159/jcmm.5.3.26566, eissn 3009075X - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus
16. Serrano-Ruiz R., Uriondo-Arrue Z., Del-Portillo-Valdes L., Basterretxea-Bitorika A., Hydrogen slip and optimization of low-pressure hydrogen injection in turbocharged marine compression-ignition engine with double diesel pilot injection operating in generator mode, 2026, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, issue 0, vol. 77, DOI 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104849, eissn 24519049 - 2026 - в издания, индексирани в Scopus

Вид: статия в списание, публикация в реферирано издание, индексирана в Scopus