Е-Публикации
Технически университет - София

Abstract: Polymer materials are increasingly used in many industry branches, therefore they can be exposed to a huge variety of working conditions such as humidity and water solutions, variable temperatures, sunlight, fuels, acids, chemicals and pollutants. As a result, the polymers age, which can lead to unexpected problems correlated to the reliability of the polymer products. Therefore, knowing the effect of aging on the mechanical properties of polymers is extremely important for the correct assessment of the residual life of the products. The article provides an overview of the methods used to induce natural and accelerated aging. The influence of the aging method on the mechanical properties is discussed. Attempts to link natural and accelerated aging are also reviewed.

References

1. Y. LV, Y. HUANG, J. YANG, M. KONG, H. YANG, J. ZHAO, G. LI: Outdoor and Accelerated Laboratory Weathering of Polypropylene: a Comparison and Correlation Study. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 112, 145 (2015).
2. M. C. CELINA: Review of Polymer Oxidation and its Relationship with Materials Performance and Lifetime Prediction. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98 (12), 2419 (2013).
3. E. RICHAUD, F. FARCAS, P. BARTOLOMÉO, B. FAYOLLE, L. AUDOUIN, J. VERDU: Effect of Oxygen Pressure on the Oxidation Kinetics Of Unstabilized Polypropylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91 (2), 398 (2006).
4. J. E. PICKETT, D. J. COYLE: Hydrolysis Kinetics of Condensation Polymers Under Humidity Aging Conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98 (7), 1311 (2013).
5. M. FRIGIONE, A. RODRÍGUEZ-PRIETO: Can Accelerated Aging Procedures Predict the Long Term Behavior of Polymers Exposed to Different Environments? Polymers, 13 (16), 2688 (2021).
6. EN ISO 4611: Plastics – Determination of the Effects of Exposure to Damp Heat, Water Spray and Salt Mist (2010).
7. EN ISO 4892-1: Plastics – Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources, Part 1 – General guidance (2016).
8. EN ISO 4892-2: Plastics – Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light Sources, Part 2 – Xenon-arc Lamps (2013).
9. ASTM D4329: Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus Exposure of Plastics (2013).
10. S. KAHLEN, G. M. WALLNER, R. W. LANG: Aging Behavior and Lifetime Modeling for Polycarbonate. Solar Energy, 84 (5), 755 (2010).
11. R. M. SANTOS, G. L. BOTELHO, C. CRAMEZ, A. V. MACHADO: Outdoor and Accelerated Weathering of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene: a Correlation Study. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98 (10), 2111 (2013).
12. M. DIEPENS, P. GIJSMAN: Outdoor and Accelerated Weathering Studies of Bisphenol a Polycarbonate. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96 (4), 649 (2011).
13. 13.S. H. HAMID, M. B. AMIN: Lifetime Prediction of Polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 55 (10), 1385 (1995).
14. K. RAJAKUMAR, V. SARASVATHY, A. THAMARAI CHELVAN, R. CHITRA, C. T. VIJAYAKUMAR: Natural Weathering Studies of Polypropylene. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 17, 191 (2009).
15. F. SEVERINI, R. GALLO, S. IPSALE: Environmental Degradation of Polypropylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 22 (2), 185 (1988).
16. R. GALLO, F. SEVERINI, S. IPSALE, N. DEL FANTI: Induction Time and Later Degradation of Outdoor Exposed Polypropylene Cast Film Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 55 (2), 199 (1997).
17. R. GALLO, L. BRAMBILLA, C. CASTIGLIONI, F. SEVERINI: Characterization of Naturally Weathered Polypropylene Plates. Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry, 43 (3), 535 (2006).
18. A. TORIKAI, H. SHIRAKAWA, S. NAGAYA, K. FUEKI: Photodegradation of Polyethylene: Factors Affecting Photostability. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 40 (9–10), 1637 (1990).
19. H. D. HOEKSTRA, J. L. SPOORMAKER, J. BREEN: Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Stabilized and Non-stabilized HDPE Films versus Exposure Time. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie: Applied Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 247 (1), 91 (1997).
20. M. A. F. JOHARI, S. A. MAZLAN, U. UBAIDILLAH, N. A. NORDIN, M. H. AHMAD KHAIRI, S. A. ABDUL AZIZ, S. A. NIKMAT LEONG: Natural Weathering Effects on the Mechanical, Rheological, and Morphological Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomer (MRE) in Tropical Climate. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (17), 9929 (2022).
21. R. D. GOODRIDGE, R. J. M. HAGUE, C. J. TUCK: Effect of Long-Term Aging on the Tensile Properties of a Polyamide 12 Laser Sintering Material. Polymer Testing, 29 (4), 483 (2010).
22. I. KSOURI, O. DE ALMEIDA, N. HADDAR: Long-term Ageing of Polyamide 6 and Polyamide 6 Reinforced with 30% Oof Glass Fibres: Physicochemical, Mechanical and Morphological Characterization. Journal of Polymer Research, 24, 1 (2017).
23. R. TAKTAK, N. GUERMAZI, J. DERBELI, N. HADDAR: Effect of Hygrothermal Aging on ohe Mechanical Properties and Ductile Fracture of Polyamide 6: Experimental and Numerical Approaches. Engineering fracture mechanics, 148, 122 (2015).
24. E. HABLOT, A. TISSERAND, M. BOUQUEY, L. AVÉROUS: Accelerated Artificial Ageing of New Dimer Fatty Acid-Based Polyamides. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96 (6), 1097 (2011).
25. C. G. AMZA, A. ZAPCIU, F. BACIU, M. I. VASILE, A. I. NICOARA: Accelerated Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Common 3D-printing Polymers. Polymers, 13 (23), 4132 (2021).
26. T. PUTTONEN, M. SALMI, J. PARTANEN: Mechanical Properties and Fracture Characterization of Additive Manufacturing Polyamide 12 after Accelerated Weathering. Polymer Testing, 104, 107376 (2021).
27. R. M. SANTOS, G. L. BOTELHO, C. CRAMEZ, A. V. MACHADO: Outdoor and Accelerated Weathering of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene: A Correlation Study. Polymer Degradation And Stability, 98 (10), 2111 (2013).
28. M. PHILIP, F. AL-AZZAWI: Effects of Natural and Artificial Weathering on the Physical Properties of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26 (8), 3139 (2018).

Issue