Autors: Gechev, T. M., Pavlov, N. L., Punov, P. B.
Title: Short Classification of the Alternative Powertrains for Vehicles
Keywords: classification, powertrain, vehicle, ICE, electric, fuel cel

Abstract: This article deals with the different alternative vehicle powertrain designs. It compares them by addressing their most prominent advantages and disadvantages based on the available literature research, and classifies them. The aim of this classification is to better understand the possible positive and negative sides of the wide adoption of such an alternative propulsion which is dictated by the strict emissions norms. Additionally, other technological means that can be implemented in the alternative powertrains (alternative fuels, ICE combustion strategies, propulsion topologies, and others) to further help in creating the transport sector climate neutral, are briefly discussed.

References

  1. European Union, Regulation (EU) 2017/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council, (2017), available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/NL/TXT/?uri=celex:32003L0071%0Ahttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32003L0033.
  2. International Energy Agency, Global EV Outlook 2021, (2021) Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/ global-ev-outlook-2021.
  3. European Comission, Communication COM/2020/301: A Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe, (2020) Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX: 52020DC0301&from=EN.
  4. A. Wanitschke and S. Hoffmann, “Are battery electric vehicles the future? An uncertainty comparison with hydrogen and combustion engines”, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 35, 509 (2020).
  5. S. Arora, A.T. Abkenar, S.G. Jayasinghe, and K. Tammi, in Heavy-Duty Electr. Veh., edited by S. Arora, A.T. Abkenar, S.G. Jayasinghe, and K. Tammi (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2021), pp. 219–239.
  6. L.B. Lave and H.L. MacLean, “An environmental-economic evaluation of hybrid electric vehicles: Toyota’s Prius vs. its conventional internal combustion engine Corolla”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 7, 155 (2002).
  7. W. Enang and C. Bannister, “Modelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (A comprehensive review)”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74, 1210 (2017).
  8. A.W. Stienecker, T. Stuart, and C. Ashtiani, “An ultracapacitor circuit for reducing sulfation in lead acid batteries for Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles”, Journal of Power Sources 156, 755 (2006).
  9. W. Zhuang, S. Li (Eben), X. Zhang, D. Kum, Z. Song, G. Yin, and F. Ju, “A survey of powertrain configuration studies on hybrid electric vehicles”, Applied Energy 262, 114553 (2020).
  10. G. Wu, X. Zhang, and Z. Dong, “Powertrain architectures of electrified vehicles :Review, classification and comparison”, Journal of the Franklin Institute 352, 425 (2015).
  11. B.K.T. Chau and C.C. Chan, “Emerging Energy-Efficient Technologies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles”, Proceedings of the IEEE 95, 821 (2007).
  12. Y. Liu, Y.G. Liao, and M. Lai “Fuel economy improvement and emission reduction of 48 V mild hybrid electric vehicles with P0, P1, and P2 architectures with lithium battery cell experimental data”, Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, 10 (2021).
  13. M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, S. Longo, and K. Ebrahimi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, Third edit (CRC Press, 2018).
  14. Z. Chen, B. Xia, C. You, and C. Chris, “A novel energy management method for series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles”, Applied Energy 145, 172 (2015).
  15. Gigov, B. I, Dimitrov, E. C, 2020,IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, International Scientific Conference on Aeronautics, Automotive and Railway Engineering and Technologies (BulTrans-2020) 10-13 September 2020, Sozopol, Bulgaria: Investigation of power split schemes for modern hybrid cars transmissions, , Bulgaria, pp. 10
  16. O. Balci, Y. Karagoz, O. Gezer, S.Kale, H. Koten, S. Pusat, and L. Yuksek, “Numerical and experimental investigation of fuel consumption and CO2 emission performance for a parallel hybrid vehicle”, Alexandria Engineering Journal 60, 3649 (2021).
  17. X. Xu, J. Zhao, J. Zhao, K. Shi, P. Dong, S. Wang, Y. Liu, W. Guo, and X. Liu, “Comparative study on fuel saving potential of series-parallel hybrid transmission and series hybrid transmission”, Energy Conversion and Management 252, 114970 (2021).
  18. K. Erhan and E. Ozdemir, “Prototype production and comparative analysis of high-speed flywheel energy storage systems during regenerative braking in hybrid and electric vehicles”, Journal of Energy Storage 43, 103237 (2021).
  19. A.G. Olabi, T. Wilberforce, M.A. Abdelkareem, and M. Ramadan, “Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System”, Energies 14, 2159 (2021).
  20. S. Zhou, P. Walker, and N. Zhang, “Parametric design and regenerative braking control of a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle”, Mechanism and Machine Theory 146, (2020).
  21. V. Tvrdic, S. Podrug, S. Suljic, and B. Matic, “Hydraulic hybrid vehicle configurations and comparison with hybrid electric vehicle”, Proceedings of Contemporary Issues in Economy & Technology - CIET, Split, Croatia (2018).
  22. S.K. Hoekman and C. Robbins, “Review of the effects of biodiesel on NOx emissions”, Fuel Processing Technology 96, 237 (2012).
  23. L. Sitnik, Z. Ivanov, R. Wróbel, R. Dimitrov, Z. Sroka, V. Mihaylov, M. Andrych-Zalewska, and D. Ivanov, “Bio Mix Diesel for Significant Lowering of CO2, NOx Emissions and FSN from CI Engine”, Proceedings os 8th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE), Ruse, Bulgaria, 1 (2022).
  24. M.R. Saxena, R.K. Maurya, and P. Mishra, “Assessment of performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of methanol-diesel dual-fuel compression ignition engine: A review”, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 8, 638 (2021).
  25. S. Pan, K. Cai, M. Cai, C. Du, X. Li, W. Han, X. Wang, D. Liu, J. Wei, J. Fang, and X. Bao, “Experimental study on the cyclic variations of ethanol/diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine”, Energy 237, 121614 (2021).
  26. S. Iliev, “A comparison of ethanol, methanol, and butanol blending with gasoline and its effect on engine performance and emissions using engine simulation”, Processes 9, (2021).
  27. Димитров, Е. Ц., Гигов, Б. И., Панчев, С. Е., Михайлов, Ф. И., Пейчев, М. Х., 2018,BulTrans-2018, MATEC Web of Conferences, Аrticle № 03001: A study of hydrogen fuel impact on compression ignition engine performance, Созопол - ТУ-София, България, стр. стр.
  28. J. Gao, X. Wang, G. Tian, P. Song, and C. Ma, “Effect of hydrogen direct injection strategies and ignition timing on hydrogen diffusion, energy distributions and NOx emissions from an opposed rotary piston engine”, Fuel 306, 121656 (2021).
  29. F. Rodríguez, R. Muncrief, O. Delgado, and C. Baldino, “Market penetration of fuel-efficiency technologies for heavy-duty vehicles in the European Union , the United States , and China”, ICCT White Paper, (2017).
  30. Punov, P. B, Lacour, S., Perilhon, C., Podevin, P., Descombes, G., Evtimov, T., 2015,Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering: Numerical study of the waste heat recovery potential of exhaust gas on a tractor engine, , United Kingdom, pp.
  31. E. Shim, H. Park, and C. Bae, Comparisons of advanced combustion technologies (HCCI, PCCI, and dual-fuel PCCI) on engine performance and emission characteristics in a heavy-duty diesel engine, Fuel 262, 116436 (2020).
  32. I. Evtimov, R. Ivanov, G. Kadikyanov, and G. Staneva, “Life cycle assessment of electric and conventional cars energy consumption and CO2 emissions”, MATEC Web of Conferences 234, 02007 (2018).
  33. X. Zhang, Modeling and Dynamics Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles (Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, 2021).
  34. M. Schünemann, Fahrdynamik. Regelung für Elektrofahrzeuge mit Einzelradantrieben (De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin, Boston, 2018).
  35. Gechev, T. M, Punov, P. B, 2021,AIP Conference Proceedings: Hydrogen production, storage and delivery in regards to automotive applications-A brief review, , United States, pp. Code 172531
  36. L. Fan, Z. Tu, and S.H. Chan, “Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review”, Energy Reports 7, 8421 (2021).
  37. S.H. Park, Y.D. Lee, and K.Y. Ahn, “Performance analysis of an SOFC/HCCI engine hybrid system: System simulation and thermo-economic comparison”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, 1799 (2014).
  38. J. Rechberger, A. Kaupert, J. Hagerskans, and L. Blum, “Demonstration of the First European SOFC APU on a Heavy Duty Truck”, Transportation Research Procedia 14, 3676 (2016).

Issue

Bultrans 2021, pp. 79-89, 2022, Bulgaria, Technical University of Sofia, ISSN 1313-955X

Copyright Technical University of Sofia

Full text of the publication

Вид: публикация в национален форум с межд. уч., публикация в реферирано издание