Е-Публикации
Технически университет - София

Abstract: This systematic review answers questions about whether or not a model of metacognition is well accepted and if it can be used in cognitive architecture design. Self-planning, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation are the model concepts, which are viewed as metacognitive experiences. A newly formulated theoretical approach named Attention as Action was targeted, as it is shown to be used in cognitive architecture design. In order to link the model to the theoretical approach, specific concepts like mental imagery and learning experience were researched. The method includes the statistical analysis of key phrases in articles that were collected based on a system of criteria. Data were retrieved from 91 scientific papers to allow statistical analysis of the relationship between the model of metacognition and the theoretical approach to cognitive architecture design. Several observations from the data show that the model is applicable for designing cognitive monitoring systems that depict experiences of metacognition. Furthermore, the results point out that the researched fields require explanations about the concepts defined in the theoretical approach of Attention as Action. Systematically formulated as types of internal attentional experiences, new relations are provided for researching cognitive and metacognitive concepts in terms of the cognitive cycle.

References

1. Tsochev G. Ukov T. Explaining Crisis Situations via a Cognitive Model of Attention Systems 2024 12 364 10.3390/systems12090364
2. Madl T. Baars B.J. Franklin S. The Timing of the Cognitive Cycle PLoS ONE 2011 6 e14803 10.1371/journal.pone.0014803 21541015
3. Marks D.F. The Action Cycle Theory of Perception and Mental Imagery Vision 2023 7 12 10.3390/vision7010012
4. Seel N.M. Action Schemas Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Springer Boston, MA, USA 2012 73 75
5. Stanton J.D. Sebesta A.J. Dunlosky J. Fostering Metacognition to Support Student Learning and Performance LSE 2021 20 fe3 10.1187/cbe.20-12-0289
6. Kim B. Park H. Baek Y. Not Just Fun, but Serious Strategies: Using Meta-Cognitive Strategies in Game-Based Learning Comput. Educ. 2009 52 800 810 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.004
7. Zimmerman B.J. Tsikalas K.E. Can Computer-Based Learning Environments (CBLEs) Be Used as Self-Regulatory Tools to Enhance Learning? Educ. Psychol. 2005 40 267 271 10.1207/s15326985ep4004_8
8. Efklides A. Metacognition and Affect: What Can Metacognitive Experiences Tell Us About the Learning Process? Educ. Res. Rev. 2006 1 3 14 10.1016/j.edurev.2005.11.001
9. Zepeda C. Nokes-Malach T. Assessing Metacognitive Regulation During Problem Solving: A Comparison of Three Measures J. Intell. 2023 11 16 10.3390/jintelligence11010016
10. Stephanou G. Mpiontini M. Metacognitive Knowledge and Metacognitive Regulation in Self-Regulatory Learning Style, and Its Effects on Performance Expectation and Subsequent Performance across Diverse School Subjects Psychology 2017 8 1941 10.4236/psych.2017.812125
11. Baars B.J. Franklin S. How Conscious Experience and Working Memory Interact Trends Cogn. Sci. 2003 7 166 172 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00056-1
12. Spehn M.K. Reder L.M. The Unconscious Feeling of Knowing: A Commentary on Koriat’s Paper Conscious. Cogn. 2000 9 187 192 10.1006/ccog.2000.0435
13. Pearson J. Rademaker R.L. Tong F. Evaluating the Mind’s Eye: The Metacognition of Visual Imagery Psychol. Sci. 2011 22 1535 1542 10.1177/0956797611417134 22058106
14. Rademaker R.L. Pearson J. Training Visual Imagery: Improvements of Metacognition, but Not Imagery Strength Front. Psychol. 2012 3 28252 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00224 22787452
15. Marks D.F. Phenomenological Studies of Visual Mental Imagery: A Review and Synthesis of Historical Datasets Vision 2023 7 67 10.3390/vision7040067
16. Rolls E.T. Emotion, Motivation, Decision-Making, the Orbitofrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, and the Amygdala Brain Struct. Funct. 2023 228 1201 1257 10.1007/s00429-023-02644-9 37178232
17. Wang M. Nie Q. A Computational Account of Conflict Processing During Mental Imagery Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2024 24 816 838 39085587 10.3758/s13415-024-01201-z
18. Ukov T.G. Cognitive Monitoring of Learning as Experience via a Semiotic Framework for System Models CSR 2025 submitted
19. Yeung N. Summerfield C. Metacognition in Human Decision-Making: Confidence and Error Monitoring Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2012 367 1310 1321 10.1098/rstb.2011.0416
20. Ritter F.E. Tehranchi F. Oury J.D. ACT-R: A Cognitive Architecture for Modeling Cognition WIREs Cogn. Sci. 2018 9 e1452 10.1002/wcs.1488
21. Kennedy W.G. Bugajska M.D. Harrison A.M. Trafton J.G. “Like-Me” Simulation as an Effective and Cognitively Plausible Basis for Social Robotics Int. J. Soc. Robot. 2009 1 181 194 10.1007/s12369-009-0014-6
22. Wirzberger M. Russwinkel N. Modeling Interruption and Resumption in a Smartphone Task: An ACT-R Approach i-com 2015 14 5 14 10.1515/icom-2015-0033
23. Beaudoin L. Pudło M. Hyniewska S. Mental Perturbance SFU Educ. Rev. 2020 13 29 58 10.21810/sfuer.v13i1.1282
24. Dye K.M. Stanton J.D. Metacognition in Upper-Division Biology Students: Awareness Does Not Always Lead to Control CBE—Life Sci. Educ. 2017 16 ar31 10.1187/cbe.16-09-0286 28495935
25. Warian C. Metacognition: Metacognitive Skills and Strategies in Young Readers 2003 Available online: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED475210 (accessed on 29 January 2025)
26. Fauzi’ah L. Khaliyah I. The Implementation of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) with Rich Context Insight to the Metacognitive Ability of Students in SMA N 2 Sleman Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar on Chemical Education (ISCE) 2021 Yogyakarta, Indonesia 15 September 2021 Volume 2645
27. Sun X. Zhang X. Lei L. The Effects of Online Role-Play Teaching Practice on Learners’ Availability for Resources Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. 2022 17 4 18 10.3991/ijet.v17i05.30575
28. McMahon M. Promoting metacognition through negotiated assessment Proceedings of the 21st ASCILITE Perth, Australia 5–8 December 2008
29. Baars B.J. Global workspace theory of consciousness: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience Prog. Brain Res. 2005 150 45 53
30. Franklin S. Baars B.J. Ramamurthy U. Ventura M. The Role of Consciousness in Memory Brains Minds Media 2005 2005 1
31. Švácha F. Urban M. How Do Famous Artists Write About Their Metacognition, Self-Regulation, and Creative Problem-Solving? Think. Ski. Creat. 2024 54 101688 10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101688
32. Efklides A. Interactions of Metacognition with Motivation and Affect in Self-Regulated Learning: The MASRL Model Educ. Psychol. 2011 46 6 25 10.1080/00461520.2011.538645
33. Dignath C. van Ewijk R. Perels F. Fabriz S. Let Learners Monitor the Learning Content and Their Learning Behavior! A Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Tools to Foster Monitoring Educ. Psychol. Rev. 2023 35 62 10.1007/s10648-023-09718-4
34. Guo L. The Effects of Self-Monitoring on Strategy Use and Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis Int. J. Educ. Res. 2022 112 101939 10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101939
35. Jia X. Li W. Cao L. The Role of Metacognitive Components in Creative Thinking Front. Psychol. 2019 10 2404 31708842 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02404
36. Zimmerman B.J. A Review of Self-Regulated Learning: Six Models and Four Directions for Research Front. Psychol. 2017 8 422 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00422
37. Al-Othman A.A.M. EFL Students Develop Cognitive and Metacognitive Self-Regulated Writing Strategies Using Automated Feedback: A Case Study Theory Pract. Lang. Stud. 2024 14 1050 1061 10.17507/tpls.1405.26
38. Sun Q. Pan H. Zhang L.J. Untangling the relationship between English as a foreign language learners’ metacognitive experiences and writing proficiency: A mixed-methods approach System 2023 117 103100 10.1016/j.system.2023.103100
39. Anderson N.J. Metacognition and Good Language Learners Lessons from Good Language Learners Griffiths C. Cambridge Language Teaching Library Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 2008 99 109
40. Meniado J.C. Metacognitive Reading Strategies, Motivation, and Reading Comprehension Performance of Saudi EFL Students Engl. Lang. Teach. 2016 9 117 129 10.5539/elt.v9n3p117
41. Forbes K. Teaching for Transfer Between First and Foreign Language Classroom Contexts: Developing a Framework for a Strategy-Based, Cross-Curricular Approach to Writing Pedagogy Writ. Pedagog. 2019 11 101 126 10.1558/wap.34601
42. Alharbi M.A. The Effects of Metacognitive Reading Strategies: Pedagogical Implications for EFL/ESL Teachers Int. J. Lang. Educ. Teach. 2017 5 144 152 10.18298/ijlet.463
43. Sun Q. Zhang L.J. Investigating Students’ Metacognitive Experiences: Insights from the English as a Foreign Language Learners’ Writing Metacognitive Experiences Questionnaire (EFLLWMEQ) Front. Psychol. 2021 12 744842 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744842
44. Muhid A. Amalia E.R. Hilaliyah H. Budiana N. Wajdi M.B.N. The Effect of Metacognitive Strategies Implementation on Students’ Reading Comprehension Achievement Int. J. Instr. 2020 13 849 864 10.29333/iji.2020.13257a
45. Ummi K.P. The Effect Of Metacognitive Strategy On Students’ Reading Comprehension at Smk Swasta Yapim Medan Jeopallt 2021 9 75 88 10.35194/jj.v9i1.1238
46. Channa M.A. Nordin Z.S. Siming I.A. Chandio A.A. Koondher M.A. Developing Reading Comprehension through Metacognitive Strategies: A Review of Previous Studies ELT 2014 8 p181 10.5539/elt.v8n8p181
47. Abdelshiheed M. Maniktala M. Barnes T. Chi M. Assessing Competency Using Metacognition and Motivation: The Role of Time-Awareness in Preparation for Future Learning arXiv 2023 10.48550/ARXIV.2303.14609 2303.14609
48. Zhang L. Seepho S. Metacognitive Strategy Use and Academic Reading Achievement: Insights from a Chinese Context Electron. J. Foreign Lang. Teach. 2013 10 54 69
49. Sutiyatno S. Sukarno S. A Survey Study: The Correlation Between Metacognitive Strategies and Reading Achievement TPLS 2019 9 438 10.17507/tpls.0904.11
50. Hyytinen H. Nissinen K. Kleemola K. Ursin J. Toom A. How Do Self-Regulation and Effort in Test-Taking Contribute to Undergraduate Students’ Critical Thinking Performance? Stud. High. Educ. 2024 49 192 205 10.1080/03075079.2023.2227207
51. Vrugt A. Oort F.J. Metacognition, Achievement Goals, Study Strategies and Academic Achievement: Pathways to Achievement Metacogn. Learn. 2008 3 123 146 10.1007/s11409-008-9022-4
52. Esfahani M.K. Rashtchi M. Abousaidi A.A.R. Mowlaie B. Promoting Metacognitive Awareness in Writing Assessment Tasks Through Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation: Achievements and Perceptions (Research Paper) Iran. J. Engl. Acad. Purp. 2022 11 50 68
53. Tanner K.D. Promoting Student Metacognition LSE 2012 11 113 120 10.1187/cbe.12-03-0033
54. Qin C. Zhang R. Xiao Y. A Questionnaire-Based Validation of Metacognitive Strategies in Writing and Their Predictive Effects on the Writing Performance of English as Foreign Language Student Writers Front. Psychol. 2022 13 1071907 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1071907
55. Jaleel S.P.P. A Study on the Metacognitive Awareness of Secondary School Students Univers. J. Educ. Res. 2016 4 165 172 10.13189/ujer.2016.040121
56. Panahandeh E. Asl S.E. The Effect of Planning and Monitoring as Metacognitive Strategies on Iranian EFL Learners’ Argumentative Writing Accuracy Procedia—Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014 98 1409 1416 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.559
57. Misa M. The Use of Guided Metacognitive Strategy to Improve Students’ Reading Comprehension J. Pendidik. Hum. 2014 2 304 310
58. Jiménez V.S. Puente A. Alvarado J.M. Arrebillaga L. Measuring Metacognitive Strategies Using the Reading Awareness Scale ESCOLA Electron. J. Res. Educ. Psychol. 2009 7 779 804
59. Kallio H. Virta K. Kallio M. Modelling the Components of Metacognitive Awareness IJEP 2018 7 94 10.17583/ijep.2018.2789
60. Thenmozhi C. Models of Metacognition Education 2019 7 1 4 10.34293/education.v7i2.303
61. Sbhatu D. Operations of the Cognitive-Metacognitive System in Promoting Learning: A Brief Theoretical Analysis Qeios 2023 2023 1 10.32388/GO11CZ
62. Ozturk N. A Case Study of an Ignored Facet: Metacognitive Experiences E-Kafkas Eğitim Araştırmaları Derg. 2024 11 421 435 10.30900/kafkasegt.1437843
63. Sáiz-Manzanares M.C. Montero-García E. Metacognition, Self-Regulation and Assessment in Problem-Solving Processes at University Metacognition: Fundaments, Applications, and Trends Peña-Ayala A. Intelligent Systems Reference Library Springer International Publishing Cham, Switzerland 2015 Volume 76 107 133 10.1007/978-3-319-11062-2_5
64. Sun Q. Zhang L.J. Understanding Learners’ Metacognitive Experiences in Learning to Write in English as a Foreign Language: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Front. Psychol. 2022 13 986301 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986301
65. Lei P.-L. Sun C.-T. Lin S.S.J. Huang T.-K. Effect of Metacognitive Strategies and Verbal-Imagery Cognitive Style on Biology-Based Video Search and Learning Performance Comput. Educ. 2015 87 326 339 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.07.004
66. Tankelevitch L. Kewenig V. Simkute A. Scott A.E. Sarkar A. Sellen A. Rintel S. The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Honolulu, HI, USA 11–16 May 2024 ACM Honolulu, HI, USA 2024 1 24 10.1145/3613904.3642902
67. Zhou Y. Liu Z. Jin J. Nie J.-Y. Dou Z. Metacognitive Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models arXiv 2024 10.48550/ARXIV.2402.11626 2402.11626
68. Efklides A. The Role of Metacognitive Experiences in the Learning Process Psicothema 2009 21 76 82 19178860
69. Zimmerman B.J. Investigating Self-Regulation and Motivation: Historical Background, Methodological Developments, and Future Prospects Am. Educ. Res. J. 2008 45 166 183 10.3102/0002831207312909
70. Williamson G. Self-Regulated Learning: An Overview of Metacognition, Motivation and Behaviour 2015 Available online: https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/server/api/core/bitstreams/10d59052-bde8-4164-8035-f4b3d16c2aae/content (accessed on 3 March 2025)
71. Narengaowa Tungalag O. Research on Metacognitive Strategies of Children’s Self-Regulated Learning Health Psychol. Res. 2024 12 120366 10.52965/001c.120366
72. Rivas S.F. Saiz C. Ossa C. Metacognitive Strategies and Development of Critical Thinking in Higher Education Front. Psychol. 2022 13 913219 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.913219 35783800
73. Zimmerman B.J. Moylan A.R. Self-Regulation: Where Metacognition and Motivation Intersect Handbook of Metacognition in Education The Educational Psychology Series Routledge New York, NY, USA Taylor & Francis Group New York, NY, USA 2009 299 315
74. Cohen J.S. Edmunds J.M. Brodman D.M. Benjamin C.L. Kendall P.C. Using Self-Monitoring: Implementation of Collaborative Empiricism in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cogn. Behav. Pract. 2013 20 419 428 10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.06.002
75. Fleur D.S. Bredeweg B. Bos W.v.D. Metacognition: Ideas and Insights from Neuro- and Educational Sciences Npj Sci. Learn. 2021 6 13 10.1038/s41539-021-00089-5
76. Kaufman J.C. Beghetto R.A. In Praise of Clark Kent: Creative Metacognition and the Importance of Teaching Kids When (Not) to Be Creative Roeper Rev. 2013 35 155 165 10.1080/02783193.2013.799413
77. Hennecke M. Kulkarni P. Metacognitive Knowledge About Self-Control Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2024 59 101861 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101861
78. Tilbury D. Monitoring and Evaluation During the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development J. Educ. Sustain. Dev. 2007 1 239 254 10.1177/097340820700100214
79. Isaacson R.M. Fujita F. Metacognitive Knowledge Monitoring and Self-Regulated Learning: Academic Success and Reflections on Learning J. Scholarsh. Teach. Learn. 2006 6 39 55
80. Frazier L.D. Schwartz B.L. Metcalfe J. The MAPS Model of Self-Regulation: Integrating Metacognition, Agency, and Possible Selves Metacogn. Learn. 2021 16 297 318 10.1007/s11409-020-09255-3 33424511
81. Ozturk N. A Short Review of Research on Metacognition Training with Elementary Students Ijonte 2015 5 50 62
82. Greene J.A. Azevedo R. A Macro-Level Analysis of SRL Processes and Their Relations to the Acquisition of a Sophisticated Mental Model of a Complex System Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 2009 34 18 29 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.05.006
83. Zimmerman B. Cleary T.J. Motives to Self-Regulate Learning: A Social Cognitive Account Handbook of Motivation at School Routledge London, UK 2009
84. Zimmerman B.J. Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview Theory Into Pract. 2002 41 64 70 10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
85. Roebers C.M. Executive Function and Metacognition: Towards a Unifying Framework of Cognitive Self-Regulation Dev. Rev. 2017 45 31 51 10.1016/j.dr.2017.04.001
86. Choy S.C. Yim J. Tan P.L. A metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, and its effects on learning outcomes for stem and non-stem malaysian students Int. J. Adv. Res. Educ. Soc. 2020 2 1 14
87. Sáiz-Manzanares M.C. Martin C. González-Díez I. Eguizábal A.J. Rodríguez A.C. Vázquez C.V. Almeida L.S. Saiz R.V. Monitoring Metacognitive Strategies Use During Interaction Collaborative Groups Educ. Sci. 2024 14 1205 10.3390/educsci14111205
88. Phillips J.A. McElwain M.C. Clemmer K.W. Metacognitive Training in Professional Development Can Improve and Sustain Student Achievement arXiv 2016 10.48550/ARXIV.1607.07856 1607.07856
89. Stephan K.E. Manjaly Z.M. Mathys C.D. Weber L.A.E. Paliwal S. Gard T. Tittgemeyer M. Fleming S.M. Haker H. Seth A.K. et al. Allostatic Self-Efficacy: A Metacognitive Theory of Dyshomeostasis-Induced Fatigue and Depression Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2016 10 550 27895566 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00550
90. Rivers M.L. Dunlosky J. Persky A.M. Measuring Metacognitive Knowledge, Monitoring, and Control in the Pharmacy Classroom and Experiential Settings Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 2020 84 7730 10.5688/ajpe7730
91. Rawson K.A. Dunlosky J. Improving Students’ Self-Evaluation of Learning for Key Concepts in Textbook Materials Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 2007 19 559 579 10.1080/09541440701326022
92. Nonose K. Kanno T. Furuta K. A Team Cognition Model Derived from an Analysis of Reflection on Cooperation Cogn. Tech. Work. 2012 14 83 92 10.1007/s10111-011-0179-2
93. Wen X. Piao M. Motivational Profiles and Learning Experience Across Chinese Language Proficiency Levels System 2020 90 102216 10.1016/j.system.2020.102216
94. Katyal S. Fleming S.M. The Future of Metacognition Research: Balancing Construct Breadth with Measurement Rigor Cortex 2024 171 223 234 38041921 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.002
95. Yun Y.H. Kang E. Cho Y.M. Park S.M. Kim Y.-J. Lee H.-Y. Kim K.H. Lee K. Koo H.Y. Kim S. et al. Efficacy of an Electronic Health Management Program for Patients with Cardiovascular Risk: Randomized Controlled Trial J. Med. Internet Res. 2020 22 e15057 10.2196/15057 32012053
96. Muñoz-Moldes S. Tursic A. Lührs M. Eck J. Benitez Andonegui A. Peters J. Cleeremans A. Goebel R. Online Self-Evaluation of fMRI-Based Neurofeedback Performance Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2024 379 20230089 10.1098/rstb.2023.0089 39428884
97. Baird B. Smallwood J. Gorgolewski K.J. Margulies D.S. Medial and Lateral Networks in Anterior Prefrontal Cortex Support Metacognitive Ability for Memory and Perception J. Neurosci. 2013 33 16657 16665 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0786-13.2013
98. Molenberghs P. Trautwein F.-M. Böckler A. Singer T. Kanske P. Neural Correlates of Metacognitive Ability and of Feeling Confident: A Large-Scale fMRI Study Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2016 11 1942 1951 10.1093/scan/nsw093
99. Schmitz T.W. Kawahara-Baccus T.N. Johnson S.C. Metacognitive Evaluation, Self-Relevance, and the Right Prefrontal Cortex NeuroImage 2004 22 941 947 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.018
100. Fleming S.M. Dolan R.J. The Neural Basis of Metacognitive Ability Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2012 367 1338 1349 10.1098/rstb.2011.0417
101. Fleming S.M. Daw N.D. Self-Evaluation of Decision-Making: A General Bayesian Framework for Metacognitive Computation Psychol. Rev. 2017 124 91 114 10.1037/rev0000045 28004960
102. Mitsea E. Drigas A. A Journey into the Metacognitive Learning Strategies Int. J. Onl. Eng. 2019 15 4 20 10.3991/ijoe.v15i14.11379
103. Sarimanah E. Dewi F.I. Efendi R. Sallu S. Metacognitive Strategy Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and Review. (PQ4R) in Increasing Interest in BACA Blended Learning in Junior High School (SMP) IJEAT 2019 8 342 345 10.35940/ijeat.E1048.0585C19
104. Haryono P. Implementation of Metacognitive Strategies on Students’ Ability to Read English Texts Kjmp 2023 6 543 548 10.32923/kjmp.v6i2.3770
105. Dan M. An Empirical Study on Writing Strategies: Training Mode in CSL Teaching Chin. A Second. Lang. Res. 2017 6 175 200 10.1515/caslar-2017-0008
106. Huang Y. Chuang T. Inspiring Creativity Through a Creativity Game of Players as Game Story Designers: A Metacognitive Approach Proceedings of the 2012: ICCE 2012: The 20th International Conference on Computers in Education Singapore 26–30 November 2012
107. Wang Z. Chen X. An Experimental Study on Influence of Action-Oriented Education Paradigm on Students’ Key Capabilities Proceedings of the 2022 5th International Conference on Education Technology Management Lincoln, UK 16–18 December 2022 ACM Lincoln, UK 2022 345 349 10.1145/3582580.3582639
108. Tsochev G. Ukov T. Rusev A. Sharabov M. Trifonov R. Directing Analysis on Conducted Experiments for Researching the Effects of Training with a Video Game Proceedings of the 2024 12th International Scientific Conference on Computer Science (COMSCI) Sozopol, Bulgaria 13–15 September 2024 1 4 10.1109/COMSCI63166.2024.10778494
109. Kugele S. Franklin S. Learning in LIDA Cogn. Syst. Res. 2021 68 12 25 10.1016/j.cogsys.2020.11.001
110. Hartshorne J.K. Wittenberg E. Gabriel Radvansky and Jeff Zacks, Event Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. 288. ISBN: 978-0-1998-9813-8 (Hardback) Lang. Cogn. 2018 10 382 389 10.1017/langcog.2017.28
111. Paulus D. De Vries G. Janssen M. Van De Walle B. The Influence of Cognitive Bias on Crisis Decision-Making: Experimental Evidence on the Comparison of Bias Effects Between Crisis Decision-Maker Groups Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2022 82 103379 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103379
112. Tripathy S.P. Öǧmen H. Sensory Memory Is Allocated Exclusively to the Current Event-Segment Front. Psychol. 2018 9 1435 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01435
113. Kanske P. Kotz S.A. Emotion triggers executive attention: Anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala responses to emotional words in a conflict task Hum. Brain Mapp. 2011 32 198 208 10.1002/hbm.21012

Issue